A distinction is made between "redundancy for economic reasons" and "redundancy for personal reasons". Personal dismissal is linked to the employee's person, whereas economic dismissal is carried out by the employer for a reason outside the employee's person. Dismissal for personal reasons comprises two types of dismissal: those based on non-serious misconduct (non-disciplinary) and those based on serious misconduct as defined in article 39 of the Labor Code (disciplinary). Dismissal in this way presupposes compliance with substantive conditions (justification of the reason, ART 39 of the Labor Code) and compliance with a formal condition (a specific procedure).
Dismissal for non-disciplinary personal reasons is when it is not necessarily caused by a fault (serious or gross) on the part of the employee, although it remains inherent to his or her person. This type of dismissal can therefore be caused, for example, by the employee's inability to achieve an objective previously agreed with the employer.
To this end, the legislator requires the employer, before dismissing for this reason, to first adopt disciplinary sanctions against the employee for non-serious misconduct, namely a warning; a reprimand; a second reprimand or dismissal for a period not exceeding eight days; a third reprimand or transfer to another department.
Under article 38 of the French Labor Code, when disciplinary sanctions have been exhausted during the year, the employer may dismiss the employee. In this case, the dismissal is considered justified.
Disciplinary dismissal is, however, the case where the employee has committed a serious offence, as stipulated in article 39 of the French Labor Code. In this case, the employee may be dismissed without notice, compensation or payment of damages.
Article 39 cites offenses against honor, trust or public decency, the disclosure of a professional secret causing damage to the company, and the commission of a list of acts inside the establishment or during work. However, it is important to note that the French Supreme Court has ruled that the list provided for in Article 39 is not exhaustive (C. Supr., Soc., May 12, 2004, no. 467). Consequently, the employer may justify dismissal on grounds other than those listed in article 39.
To be entitled to compensation, the employee must have been bound to his employer by an open-ended employment contract at the time his contract was terminated, in accordance with the provisions of articles 52 and 53 of the French Labor Code.
Also, the reason for terminating the employment contract must not be based on serious misconduct. The employee must also have worked for at least six months in the same company where he or she was dismissed. The following types of compensation must be taken into consideration:
- Compensation in lieu of notice :
This indemnity is provided for under article 51 of the new Labor Code. Its amount is equal to the salary that the dismissed employee would have received if he had remained in his job until the end of his notice period, as provided for in his employment contract or the relevant implementing decree.
- Legal severance pay:
This indemnity is provided for under article 53 of the French Labor Code, and is calculated on the basis of the employee's length of service with the company and hourly wage. Only employees dismissed for serious or gross misconduct may be deprived of this indemnity. The amount of severance pay for each year or fraction of a year of actual employment is equal to :
- 96 hours' salary for the first 5 years of seniority, or 2.5 months' salary for the first 5 years of seniority;
- 144 hours' salary for seniority between 6 and 10 years, or 3.8 months' salary for the next 10 years of seniority;
- 192 hours' salary for the period of seniority from 11 to 15 years, or 5 months' salary for the next 15 years of seniority; Preview(opens a new tab)
- 240 hours' pay for seniority exceeding 15 years.
- Damages :
Damages are provided for under article 41 of the French Labor Code. The amount is set at 1.5 months' salary per year of seniority, capped at 36 months' salary.
- Compensation for unused paid leave :
This indemnity is provided for under article 251 of the French Labor Code, and is paid for days not taken from the annual paid leave to which the employee is entitled.
Faithfully yours,
Ilham Taha-Bouamri
Independent chartered accountant and tax specialist